Association of Serum Magnesium and Calcium with Glycemic Control and Lipid Profile in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Mineral metabolism is essential for the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Alterations in serum magnesium and calcium may influence insulin secretion, insulin sensitivity, and cardiovascular risk. The objective is to evaluate the association of serum magnesium and calcium levels with glycemic indices and lipid profile in patients with T2DM. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 130 individuals diagnosed with T2DM attending Teerthanker Mahaveer Medical College and Hospital, a tertiary care hospital in North India. Biochemical parameters, including fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, lipid profile, serum magnesium, and serum calcium, were measured using standardized methods. Pearson correlation analysis was used to determine the association between mineral levels and metabolic parameters. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Serum magnesium showed significant negative correlations with HbA1c (r = −0.44, p <0.001), fasting glucose (r = −0.41, p <0.001), triglycerides (r = −0.56, p <0.001), LDL-C (r = −0.46, p <0.001), and VLDL-C (r = −0.56, p <0.001), while HDL-C showed a positive correlation (r = 0.22, p = 0.011). Serum calcium demonstrated positive correlations with HbA1c (r = 0.59, p <0.001), fasting glucose (r = 0.50, p <0.001), total cholesterol (r = 0.74, p <0.001), triglycerides (r = 0.64, p <0.001), LDL-C (r = 0.53, p <0.001), and VLDL-C (r = 0.64, p <0.001), and a negative correlation with HDL-C (r = −0.30, p = 0.001). Conclusion: Disturbances in magnesium and calcium metabolism are significantly associated with glycemic control and lipid abnormalities in T2DM. Monitoring serum mineral levels may help identify metabolic risk and improve diabetes management.

Keywords: Magnesium, T2DM, Dyslipidemia, HbA1C, Lipid profile, Calcium.